Analysis of the Rook (<em>Corvus frugilegus</em>) wintering population in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (Italy) using maximum entropy models

This research analyzed the wintering population of rooks (Corvus frugilegus) in Friuli Venezia Giulia region (Italy) from 2010 to 2020. The goal was determine size, trend, and distribution over decade by assessing census data evaluating study area's environmental suitability. It important identify relationship between region’s characteristics presence species developing territory suitability models, processed using maximum entropy algorithms MaxEnt (maximum entropy) software. possible combinations factors potentially influencing habitat attendance, develop maps, area with greater probability species, as well those areas potential Data for were derived annual censuses, carried out direct observation along pre-established transects region. Based on data, that total number across 10-year period had a peak recorded 2015 (1543) minimum 2019 (853). concentrated central-southern region, turnout characterized agricultural land use, while mountainous areas, located southern part excluded. models developed regional scale demonstrated excellent predictive capacity, validating species’ ecological needs. Although rook is not an endangered its range has been drastically reduced Italy, at least last century, could be used future management tool order outline conservation actions especially habitats.